Andrzej Missala

Capgras syndrome is a mental disorder characterized by a presence of specific delusions. Patients believe that people from their environment, mainly family members, neighbors or even pets, have been replaced by identically looking aliens, and sometimes by robots or extraterrestrials. They cannot logically explain the reason for the replacement and their belief cannot be dissuaded in any way. Interestingly, patients do not try to look for replaced persons, nor they are even curious about what happened to them. Usually they focus on activities aimed at exposing the "impostor". They may also behave very aggressively towards the imaginary double, and they can even attempt to annihilate him. On the other hand, other patients may show fear of the allegedly changed person. Over time, the disease may progress and deepen delusions. Then sick persons may claim that someone or something replaced their personal belongings at night in order to look identical. If there is an animal in th

  Let me introduce you a lycanthropy disorder. In this case patients believe that they are not human beings but animals. Therefore, they exhibit the behaviours characteristic for a given animal. Patients are the most often convinced that they have turned into a wolf, although sometimes they think that they are other animals, including a dog, a frog, a cat, a horse, a tiger, or even a boa snake. Lycanthropy is a very rare type of delusion, but when it occurs, all symptoms are very specific. They include belief that you are the animal, inability to look critically at this type of delusion and a lack of rational reflection. Patients try to present evidence of their animality. They imitate animals, useing typical for them movements, as well as sounds and noises, for example they howl like a wolf. They manifest fangs and claws. Lycanthropy is very often a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or severe depression. According to doctors an important factor contributing lycanthropy may be

Ekbom's syndrome, also called parasitic insanity, is an example of a hypochondriac delusional disorder. The sick persons believe in the presence of parasites in the skin and complain of symptoms such as burning and itching. Other symptoms of Ekbom's syndrome include the sensation of biting the epidermis by worms and visual hallucinations, for example seeing insects on the skin.  Sick persons try to get rid of them at all costs. They scratch the skin, using insecticides, use washing and cleaning procedures. As a result there are secondary skin problems, among others: wounds, seeking help from dermatologists and insect control specialists. There are many possible causes of parasitic insanity. The etiology of the disorder has not been discovered. However, it can be seen that Ekbom's syndrome is associated with various mental or somatic disorders such as schizophrenia, organic brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, the usage of psychoactive substances such as amphetami

 Cotard's syndrome is a very serious and rare disease, which symptoms  are very characteristic and easy to notice. A person suffering from Cotard syndrome is convinced of his own death, that's why it's called a 'walking corpse syndrom'. A characteristic symptom of Cotard's syndrome are delusions associated with patients' death in life. They are convinced that their internal organs putrefy , their bodies rots, and worms feed on them. Other symptoms include: anxiety, low sensitivity and an awareness of pain. Among the people affected by that disorder, there are also people who are convinced of their immortality. There is also an apathy and a lack of reaction to external stimuli such as taste, sound or smell. The sick person has very specific movements, which are similar to the movements of movie "zombie". Another characteristic symptoms of Cotard's syndrome are patients' belief that some of their organs vanish in their bodies and that there i

Paraphrenia is also known as hallucinosis. This is a kind of paranoia with all sorts of hallucinations. It usually appears either around the age of 20 or in people over 40. However, the greatest incidence was found in the elderly. It's a chronic disorder that requires constant monitoring and pharmacological treatment. This mental illness is characterized by visions that are not reflected in reality. Today, it isn't classified as a separate disease, but as a complex of paraphrenic symptoms that appear in old age. Paraphrenia is more common in women, but it is much less common than other mental disorders characterized by hallucinations.  A person with paraphrenia very often feels that he is constantly being watched and followed, and therefore feels constant anxiety and fear for his own life. There is also a characteristic feeling that people who surf on TV or express themselves on the Internet talk directly to that person, looking at them and addressing their words specifically t

One of the most fascinating disorder is cryptomnesia, which is a type of memory impairment. In this case a person doesn’t remember events, which occurred in the past or they don’t know if they were dreams or reality. The sick person loses the sense of reality of the surrounding world. There is a kind of chaos in a memory. You are not sure your own experience and you have the tendency to identify other people’s thoughts and ideas as your own. This is called "subconscious plagiarism."  Cryptomnesia often goes hand in hand with jamais vu, the opposite of deja vu, when suddenly there is a feeling that an often-visited place seems to be new and unusual, as it would be seen for the first time. Scientists didn’t discover, what causes cryptomnesia. Probably information overload is the problem. https://dictionary.apa.org/cryptomnesia https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/psych/people/fsch/fsch/studentresources/3rdyearprojects/projects/plag2.pdf

Bipolar disorder (ChAD) was called manic-depressive disease or psychosis or cyclophrenia in the past. It is manifested by episodes of depression, mania, hypomania or mixed episodes. Between these episodes, there are periods of remission, the complete absence of symptoms or the persistence of a few mild symptoms. Bipolar disorder is the second most common cause of psychiatric disability. It begins most at a young age, usually before the age of 35. It is combined with the high recurrence of symptoms and contributes to serious, negative consequences in all aspects of the patient's life. It affects: social, family and professional life, as well as economic condition or the possibility of realizing one's intellectual potential. There are the following types of bipolar disorder: bipolar disorder, type I, type II, type III, seasonal affective disorder, cyclothymia and unipolar mania. Both men and women suffer from bipolar disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-diso

Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that includes, but is not limited to, mood instability, identity disturbances, feelings of unfulfillment and emptiness. This dysfunction is characterized by the prevalence of negative feelings, fear of rejection, abandonment and disappointment, the inability to build stable relationships with others, and an inconsistent image of "me" distancing myself from certain feelings. Borderline personality disorder manifests itself both in a person's beliefs and in their behavior. The patient experiences alternately anxiety, anger, frustration, sadness, shame and boredom. These emotions generate stress, which further strengthens the negative attitude and perception of the world. Misunderstandings and paranoid symptoms often appear under the influence of severe stress. They may require hospital treatment. Borderline personality disorder is also characterized by the inability to cope with stress and crisis on its own. Instead of actin

Fregoli's delusion was named after an Italian actor who was famous for his incredible ability to impersonate other people and change roles quickly. It is a very rare delusional disorder. Delusions are false beliefs that result from a misinterpretation of reality. The sick person's judgments are completely resistant to any arguments and evidence pointing to their falsehood. Delusions are very diverse in content. The area of the content they concern is practically unlimited. Often, they are persecutory, hypochondriacal or grandiose delusions, they can also be associated with jealousy, expressing the belief that one's own body is distorted or rotting. However, in Fregoli's Syndrome, the patient recognizes a person close to him in many people, thinking that they change their faces like actors. For example, an uncle plays the role of a neighbor, a postman, a policeman ... If a sick person sees the same person practically everywhere, he tries to explain it somehow. Tracking i

The God Complex has never been recognised as a personality disorder, but it is very similar to the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). It was coined by the psychoanalyst Ernest Jones, it is an unshakable belief characterized by consistently inflated feelings of personal ability, privilege, or infallibility. A person with a God Complex may refuse to admit the possibility of their mistakes or failures, even in the face of irrefutable evidence, intractable problems or difficult and impossible tasks. The person is also highly dogmatic in their views, meaning the person speaks of their personal opinions as though they were unquestionably correct. He/she does not concern responsibility for the evil he commits. Someone with a God Complex doesn't respect any conventions and society demands, and may request special consideration or privileges. The person demands constant attention from others, adoration and an emotional attitude. The confidence which characteristic for the God Complex

The most severe case of dissociation identity disorder was William Stanley Milligan. Twenty-four personalities have been diagnosed in him. Doctors conducting the medical "investigation" found that Billy's problems were closely related to his childhood and to his stepfather Chalmer Milligan, who not only beat or buried the boy underground, but also raped him and sexually abused. It was the time, when David's personality appeared for the first time, helping him to deal with anxiety and pain. More personalities appeared over time. The primary, original personality was 26-year-old William Stanley Milligan with blue eyes and brown hair, who was not able to graduate from high school. He constantly tried to commit suicide and was put to sleep by others. Next personality was 22-year-old Arthur. He had a dominant role, he decided which personality would be revealed and would take over consciousness. He was intelligent, unfazed, and spoke with British accent. He wore glasses. T

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a dissociative disorder where there are at least two personalities in one person. Usually the individual personalities do not know about the existence of the others, but not always. Not only are the behaviors of different personalities usually different, each of them has a separate identity, memories, and what is very interesting, sometimes even gender, IQ, blood pressure, visual acuity, sexual preferences, addictions or allergies and diseases such as diabetes. Personalities can also be of completely different ages. Nervous system function tests can reveal differences in the brain function of individual personalities in the same person. The mechanism of the disorder is not well understood. As a dissociation, the multiple personality develops after very painful, traumatic experiences and crises in childhood related to death and sexuality. It is characterized by the disintegration of the ego, the integrity of which provides the ability to positivel

I chose mental disorders as my topic.

Would you like to live forever? This is a question we often ask oversells, or other ask us. Eternal life for sure would have its advantages and disadvantages. In case of eternal life I could observe my children, grandchildren and all my descendants. I would have amazing knowledge about the world and everything that surrounds us. I could use my life-long experience and achieve great goals wich demand a lot of time and I could not achieve during the short life. But I'm afraid I could feel tired and even bored in the end. Moreover, observing my passing away friends and family members would be really hard. I would feel lonely and depressed, without any motivation to work and make efforts. Summing up I would not like to live forever.

It has been reported that in the shelter "Cheerful dog" service treats dogs very badly. On May 1, the police searched the shelter and found that the animals were suffering and starving a lot, they were beaten, and they were not cleaned, so they stank terrible. They service bullied the dogs, many of them died. It's unbelievable, these people had no conscience. The court issued a penalty of three years imprisonment.

In my opinion Polish people can be both nice and not nice. They rarely say "good morning" and don't smile meeting each other very often. They are rudest on the internet, which can be seen from the content of many comments and the low level of discussion. However, many Poles are very willing to help if someone needs it. For example few months ago when an Iranian truck was broken dawn Polish drivers tried to help in the repair, and when it became impossible, they made a fundraising on the internet and very quickly gained money for a new car. In some countries, people are kinder outwardly, but that doesn't necessarily mean they are ready to help more. I think it depends more on attitude of individual people, not entire nations. 

I think that fake news is a problem in contemporary world. Nowadays there is a lot of them especially on social media. Many people believe in these fictitious informations because they are in line with their views. Others have problem to recognise what is true. When someone starts to read conspiracy theories on internet, he would be provided with similar stuff. Fake news are profitable to advertisers  because they get many clicks and generate big traffic. Also politicians use them to control society and influence political situations in other states. Good example of these is 2016 election campaign in the United States.

Is lying morally wrong? Are there any situations in wich dishonesty is morally justified? Can lies be good for other people? I think it depends on both lie and the situation. Generally speaking, lying is immoral, especially when you lie to your partner, friend or parents. I don't accept also politicians, who lie for political purposes, for example, to keep the power. On the other hand I can imagine that a doctor shouldn't say the whole truth to somebody who is terribly sick, because it's important to keep optimism even when you are in the worst health condition.

Quarantine is a big challenge for everyone. Being closed at home can be difficult. However, there are some advantages and disadvantages of a situation.  I have much more time to sleep and I feel very well. I can manage my time as I want and decide when I learn and when I have a rest. I have more time for my family and I can play with my dog a lot. I can read books and cook my favourite dishes.  Quarantine also has its bad side. Cinemas, theatres and museums are closed. I can't go out with my friends. Staying at home made me irritable. I hope to come back to my normal life soon.

1) When the resercher comes up with the result of his experiment it is not enough to declare it as a scientifically proven fact.The scientific truth is not a result of a single experiment. It should be veryfied, preferably by someone who does not agree with this result. The veryfication should be repeated by other persons in differend places. 2) First, nowadays science explains a lot of things but still not all of them. Second, not all people are educated enough to know and understand the modern science. Third, belief in supernatural things makes it easier to explain some phenomena.

           From legal point of view Lydia’s husband should be arrested, because he let his wife die. On the other hand he was depressed and he was not able to take reasonable decisions, that’s why his behavior could probably be justified.  Lydia presented a toxic personality. All the time she demanded somebody’s attention. Her husband was determined to devote the rest of his life to looking after her and he gave up everything for Lydia. However, he couldn’t make her satisfied and happy, as she was simply a mental-ill person. Several times she tried to commit a suicide. In my opinion she should be under hospital’s control.